Chinese ceramics loaded burn brief history of the development process
Is the ancient Chinese porcelain of the working people of one of the great inventions. As early as the Neolithic Age Ba Qiannian ago, our people have started making pottery. To the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the pottery has been the evolution of the original porcelain. After more than two thousand years of evolution, the original to the Eastern Han Dynasty pottery has been true for the evolution of the porcelain.
Although the history of China's Jingdezhen porcelain is well-known, but it is not the history of pottery and domestic long in some areas. According to the "Ji Tao," "Georgia On to the ancient," "Heavenly Creations", "plans to cultivate said," and "Jingdezhen ceramics", "Jiangxi great ambitions", "Fuliang County," "South kiln Notebook" and other ancient records , Said that all Jingdezhen ceramics began in the Han Dynasty.
Ancient Jingdezhen has said that South-chang. "Jingdezhen ceramics were recorded," set: "Chu of Changsha has a bowl of soil Liling, a very rough-quality, very-thick, rough and light yellow glaze, or micro-black, and the center bowl are not enough at the end of glaze ... ... Wu-chang, as the South In the Han dynasty. "Evidently, when the production of ceramics in Jingdezhen, is the rough goods," for rough near popular ", not sold.
Dong-jin, a generous person by the name of Zhao, one after another in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi Province when the officer had. This outspoken non-Arab people who, Jiwuruchou, after a traitor to the victims, officials demoted down, lived in Jingdezhen. To the town, he used in Zhejiang Yue understand and master the art of porcelain in Jingdezhen ceramic glaze preparation of the child, forming and baking process, such as a series of major reforms for the development of the Jingdezhen Ceramic production made an important contribution. People respected him, loved him, called him "the main porcelain division." Kai Zhao's death, porcelain workers in order to commemorate him in the town set up a "division main temple." Zhanshan Temple Ming, who wrote the "division main temple tablets," said the inscription, Ming-Hong-hee in (Year 1425), the town in the Royal Arsenal built a temple to be known as the division main temple, dedicated Jin Zhao expense for the main porcelain division. Since then, this has been described as being at Jingdezhen Jin Shaozao of products from pottery to the evolution of a porcelain support.
Southern and Northern Dynasties to Chen, the Jingdezhen Porcelain has begun to pay attention to the imperial court. Chen Shitoku the first year (AD 583), Chen Shu Bao on the throne, in health (now Nanjing) made big palace, the new Pingchen for firing ceramics Zhuchu Waring Park. At that time, Pingchen the new system has been carving out exquisite ceramic floor basis, because not enough strength and not used. Shaozao Although the base has not been used pottery, Jingdezhen's reputation has spread so.
Sui Dynasty, the famous architect, home technology for the development of thick glazed tile He has made a special trip to Jingdezhen test burn. Through trial and error, finally firing temperature much higher and they can successfully create a glazed tile. With the sintering temperature increases, so that the Jingdezhen Ceramic production has entered a new period of development. In the great cause of the Sui (605-617 AD), Jingdezhen has finally burned out for the first time the two big beasts such as lions and Gong Xian Ren used it at this time indicates that the level of Jingdezhen porcelain reached a new level.
Tang, Tang dynasty in order to protect its feudal rule, has adopted a series of easing ethnic and class contradictions. To Xuanzong, the court also implemented a wide range of the Southern Dynasties in the bud, "and Iraq" and "City and" as well as the related "for generation service". The implementation of these measures, including Porcelain, the private development of handicraft industry has played a positive role in promoting. Under such circumstances, Jingdezhen was also a number of porcelain Shaozao the Ming Yao, the most famous of which is twofold: to a town run by TAO "Tao." The kiln produced porcelain, "a little thin body, the pigment-run." Takenori Tang, TAO produced porcelain will be included in the Guanzhong, the tribute to North Korea, known as the "fake jade." Huo Zhong town for a run at the beginning of "Huo kiln." The kiln produced porcelain "also-color, tired of good soil, the quality of thin, Zhen Jia-ying, who as jade," Jingdezhen porcelain so that one of the world.
At that time, as a result of the Ming Yao Jingdezhen come forth in large numbers, fine porcelain, and was arising from the imperial court. Takenori four years, Tang (621 AD), the court set up in Jingdezhen Tao Zheng, Yu Jin Tao supervisor and the town that is home county, the new Hao Yue-ping.
Tang Yuan, and eight years (813 AD), under the Raozhou Jingdezhen, the time Rao Zhouci Shi Cui Yuan has done a good group of porcelain, the court tribute, a special writer commissioned by Liu Tai-generation, he made a "porcelain into the shape "Cloud:" The fine arts and gave birth to Hanishina, the size of the combined system. Shitoku intrinsic Tao of steam, without suffering from weak; Daiwa together to end financial, security grams faithful. And no roof of the autoclave Wong, said it is on the Germany. "A few words of praise sophisticated products, crude is no problem, no sound pottery, and between heaven and earth combined with rigid quality can be maintained long-term caused by Kennedy, is the most beautiful artifacts.
Tang Dynasty, Jingdezhen Ceramic production has not only made considerable progress, and porcelain was also greatly expand the market for sale. According to "China's greatest invention - porcelain", and Tang at Jingdezhen porcelain has been expanding sales to the South, the North and around the south-west. Archaeological results show that the Tang Dynasty porcelain exported to overseas There are two main lines: a land along the ancient Silk Road, from Xian to Xinjiang through Central Asia and Persia, and other places; another from Guangzhou around the Malay Peninsula by up to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean Mediterranean countries.
Jingdezhen Porcelain on the Five Dynasties and when the situation so far does not see record books. But as far as the 1950s and 80s carried out by the ancient sites of the survey, the Five Dynasties Porcelain has begun to take shape. Survey found that the Five Dynasties Jingdezhen a total of 18 sites, mainly in the Nam Ha and the two sides today in the urban areas. Nanhe the two sides have Hutian, Myrica Pavilion, Sam Peng, head Wong, copper mt, Tian Ying, Maple Hill, Moon Hill, Ting-an, Xianghu, and other ancient sites; in the urban areas Lok Ma Bridge, crossing 18, Dong Hollywood, Au Li, and other ancient sites. Old Kilns of these are smaller-scale, the accumulation of relics sites, only 1-2 meters thick. Related to archaeological experts believe that at the time of the blank field and Yao Chang is in the same places, building and firing blanks yet to be separated. As can be seen from the unearthed in kind, the kiln mainly produced varieties of bowls, plates, dishes, pots, and other daily-use ceramics executive, for most of celadon and white porcelain. After testing five generations when the whiteness of the white middle class has reached 70 degrees Celsius, and water absorption, better transparency, porcelain was the first in the nation. Shanghai Silicate Research Institute of Yangmei Five booths of Old Kilns of white porcelain production test, to confirm his birth in AL20316.03%, with the production of Jingdezhen porcelain stone A120 3 content, Stone is a single-forming materials.
Related to archaeological experts, after careful study, the Five Dynasties that the process of porcelain or less as follows: Amoy mud, mud practice - casting forming car hauler - a little green stem, a round-off plastic fan, I Kwai Kwai bowl at the same time cut out Population pressure and a melon edge - Schneider glaze - Lee blank wall - dug Quanzu - James outer enamel - enamel check - in order to pad septum overlapping branch nail pad columns were fitted with kiln (not to use Xiabo Burning equipment) on January 1 Long Yao-fired furnace (in the firing temperature of about l150 ℃ - 1200 ℃).
Five wide range of porcelain production, mainly in gray and white porcelain child birth two types of white porcelain. Five Dynasties and celadon glaze similar to the fetal-Yue, almost lifelike; Citai white compact, light transmission, close to the level of modern ceramics, porcelain in the same period of China's top quality products. There are varieties of porcelain pots, bowls, plates three categories. Bowls, plates large enough for more than lip, or I spending; pot for many long-necked bell mouth, the higher Hushen, abdomen more anti-prism.
Five of the bowl-type arc existing wall and the wall of the ramp, and the size and ranking are obvious, if it's common today, with a large caliber, and other similar products compared with the caliber of its Quanzu is very strange: a bowl of With adequate caliber than the diameter of about 1:0.49 (1:0.36 about today), which trails only the caliber l / 2; feet high around the high-l/10 (about today's l / 8); foot wall thickness of about 8 mm (about 3 times the present-day). If today's aesthetic and practical requirements of the measure, apparently as a result of the Five Dynasties Bowl-type foot diameter is too large, full body appears to be too short and not enough symmetry, but also because of foot and wall thickness is very clumsy. Five people so why should we come full circle design it? Archaeologists through the Five Dynasties porcelain Shaozao inspection process, it found that the formation and then loaded burn methods. Today's bowl is used Xiabo piece of equipment burned, and the Five Dynasties taken by the coincidence is burning again and again, "made If the current bowl full of style, blank pieces of the coincidence when stacked will as a result of the foot in diameter and center of gravity is not too small Stability in the roasting process vulnerable to collapse. And the foot trails to enlarge, at the end of the area will be increased accordingly; are adequate for short, the focus will reduce the number of such a billet in the bowl again and again when the burn will be reduced as a result of Tilt sticky glaze caused by the waste. " Enough to make a thick wall, in order to support the installation of nails, as coincidence stacked in the blank bowl of baking time charge of the lower weight, if not enough to make a thick wall, the wall of the foot between the bottom and nail products support contact Small, the weight-bearing foot wall will be softened in the porcelain into the stage as a result of too much pressure and subsidence, the gap appears. So, at that time potter in the design of the bowl should be enough to be subordinated to burn again and again that way, so he created a modern seems a bit strange kind of track, short body, in the form of a wall.
Five of the bowl Wankou Youhou You usually have a stupid lip. When the potter's why we should Wankou designed this so badly? Contemporary ceramics expert Liu archaeological park at the time and that the causes of porcelain-related raw materials. He said that when the Five-child of raw materials and different today, today's raw materials in the AL203 for the content of 23% of the Five Dynasties was 17%. Due to the time of the birth of low alumina content, so when baking products in the highly deformed. Jingdezhen porcelain of experience tells us that we do not change the formula of raw materials, such as reducing circular objects in the Yang-burning when the deformation of the defect, its location near the rim too thick for some to be effective, so the formation of Five of the bowl of thick lips that I Road. In addition, the Five Dynasties are also often out of bowls on the wall first pressure 4-5 outside the concave-convex with the ruled, and then along the embossed Wankou thin out the four or five petals of a similar gap. Then why should we make a bowl wall so? Liu Park: From the production point of view, I thin objects in the roasting process more than lip bowl deformation. If the pressure on the outer wall of the bowl a few ruled, in another Wankou out on a number of gaps, can cover up to play the role of the deformation. This is because people are more sensitive vision of a round, round Zhou Zheng is easy to detect, if Wankou out on a four or five gap, being cut into a circular arc of the paragraphs linked to form a petal-like, the human visual Was to confuse and even changed Wan Kou-shaped person is not easily noticed. Potter's time for the deformation of the bowl to cover up deficiencies, it skillfully in a bowl wall pressure for four or five ruled in Wankou agent on a four or five petals of a similar gap.
Five Dynasties, Jingdezhen porcelain baking furnace for more than "Long Yao," "Long Yao," generally in accordance with the construction of a slope or tilt mound, and constitute a 7-23 ° Kok on the horizon. Front-end low for Yaotou, fire-bore; high back-end for the back-end. Wan Ru kiln as a result of one-stop body, named "Long Yao." It's "back or along both sides of the furnace at l-meter length of the direction of a row or about to open a hole for firewood," roasting "will fuel into the kiln stack body between the fire burning in the Road", when the department reached Is scheduled to temperature, for mobile Chai forward position that is a row of such bottom-up row by row calcination, the formation of the movement of the flames. Longyaoyaotou with warm-up room, with no back-end or the chimney is not only a high chimney, Yan-Ping is a kiln; burning equipment, products placed in a fixed bed kiln, to rely on the movement of the flames, since under Shaoshu products will be on paragraph by paragraph. "Front of the heat generated by burning gas kiln slope along the Backward mobile, will be back after the warm-up by the back-end products emit. Products of burning well in the previous paragraph, the flame after the transfer, under the section of the products that enter the stage of firing , In front of the products, has begun to cool, and the section behind the firing of the products still in the warm-up stage. " This Long Yao, with a lot of advantages: First, a shorter production cycle; two kiln temperature is relatively uniform; The third is easy to control and restore the atmosphere or the speed of cooling; Fourth, the kiln structure is simple and low cost. The disadvantage is loaded kiln, the kiln of the labor-intensive; kiln site of some of the atmosphere's temperature and volatile; as a result of the end for the slope-shaped kiln, it is fitted to burn inconvenience.
